Cognitive Psychology Exam 2 Practice

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• What is the Stroop effect primarily used to illustrate?
• What are the two mechanisms of forgetting?
• In memory retrieval, how do familiarity and recollection differ?
• Which is one of the two divisions of Long Term Memory?
• Which principle states that encoding processing and retrieval processing should overlap?
• Brown and Peterson concluded that the duration of information in short-term memory is short, and it is unclear whether this is due to decay or interference.
• Which scenario best illustrates controlled processing?
• Garden-path sentences create parsing difficulties because they initially lead readers to parse sentences in what way?
• According to the model, which layer is most associated with conflict?
• The medial temporal lobes are used by which memory system?
• What is a script?
• What cognitive processes underlie the misinformation effect?
• Sleep and memory consolidation show a differential role for sleep stages. Which statement is correct?
• Which regions are linked to monitoring of performance?
• A bias in memory is defined as an inclination toward a conclusion not justified by logic or knowledge.
• Which layer receives initial information from stimuli?
• What does the encoding specificity principle predict about memory performance?
• What are the four kinds of Non Declarative (Implicit) Memory?
• Which method offers the best temporal resolution for measuring memory processing?
• Which component of Baddeley's model serves as a buffer when the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop are overloaded?
• Misattribution errors involve attributing information to the incorrect time, place, person, or source.
• Which brain region is heavily involved in emotional processing and fear conditioning?
• Which statement describes forward masking?
• Eyewitness memory is prone to reconstruction due to various factors. Which of the following contribute to misinformation?
• Which statement about memory and misinformation is true?
• Which scenario demonstrates a conjunction fallacy?
• In the Atkinson–Shiffrin model of memory, which sequence correctly describes the flow of information from initial input to long-term memory?
• Compare ACT-R and connectionist models as explanations of cognitive processes.
• The primacy effect is most often attributed to what mechanism?
• Which cortex is involved in switching attention, along with the prefrontal cortex?
• Which type of memory requires conscious recall of information such as facts or events?
• Which brain region is associated with pattern completion during retrieval?
• Which statement about the Prefrontal Cortex is true?
• What is the term for the idea that testing should occur in the same room as learning to improve recall?
• Prospect Theory predicts that framing a choice as a gain vs a loss will
• Semantic priming demonstrates faster processing of related words due to:
• Which memory type is defined by vivid recall of surprising events?
• Which statement describes exemplar theory in category learning?
• Encoding efficiency is influenced by which factors?
• Which brain region binds related pieces of information for long-term memory?
• Which factor best explains why language categories influence perception?
• Suppressing refers to the active weakening of a memory and can be more permanent; pure forgetting is associated with suppression.
• Define transfer-appropriate processing and give example.
• What is the effect of language categories on perceptual discrimination?
• Monitoring of one's performance engages which brain regions according to the material?
• In episodic retrieval, what role does a cue play?
• Which memory system is typically preserved when the medial temporal lobe is damaged?
• HM demonstrated that learning can occur without conscious recollection of prior training. This is best described as which memory system?
• In Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model, which component is primarily responsible for coordinating attention and control processes?
• What is the Approach-Withdrawal model?
• Who are Baddeley and Hitch?
• Which cortex is implicated in switching of attention in addition to the prefrontal cortex?
• Which statement about the spacing effect is accurate?
• Which statement best defines habituation in non-associative learning?
• Procedural memory involves Skills and Habits and relies on the basal ganglia ( striatum, putamen, caudate nucleus), cerebellum, and cortex.
• In visuospatial sketchpad studies, monkeys show information flow from the occipital lobe to which region, whereas humans show flow to which region?
• The weak form of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that language:
• What is proactive interference?
• Which of the following is not a layer of Executive Attention?
• The phonological store is located near which brain region?
• Which sleep stage is most closely associated with procedural and emotional memory consolidation?
• Which pair best illustrates the word length effect by contrasting longer and shorter items?
• Which brain structure is most associated with emotional processing?
• Which definition correctly distinguishes encoding, storage, and retrieval in memory?
• How does a script differ from a schema?
• In language production, core processes include
• Which statement about well-defined problems is accurate?
• Which statement correctly describes System 1 and System 2 thinking?
• Which example best illustrates proactive interference?
• Associative learning includes Pavlovian and operant conditioning, and is characterized by learning a predictive relationship between a neutral stimulus and a significant stimulus.
• Which consolidation phenomenon occurs during sleep?
• Which layer is responsible for selecting the response?
• Procedural memory relies on which brain structures?
• Which component holds sound-based information?
• Which layer is described as the layer where conflict may occur?
• Forgetting in this model is attributed to biological factors or antecedent processes. Which option best reflects a combined cause?
• In problem solving, which statement describes insight?
• Following bilateral medial temporal lobe removal, which type of memory is severely impaired?
• Which layer is most associated with conflict?
• In Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model, what is the primary function of the episodic buffer?
• Which type of encoding yields the strongest long-term retention according to the levels of processing framework?
• Which path is called the 'What' pathway and is associated with object information?
• Impairment to this brain region results in impairment in goal-planning.
• Which statement best describes state-dependent effects and recollection vs familiarity in retrieval?
• How is cognitive load defined?
• The Aha moment in problem solving is associated with
• What is a key limitation of relying on mental models in reasoning?
• Which mechanism underlies retrieval-induced forgetting, where retrieving some items impairs related non-retrieved items?
• Which statement about Executive Attention is true?
• HM's case helped establish that there is a separate memory system that can be learned even when declarative memory is impaired. Which term describes this memory system?
• What is the role of the medial temporal lobes in memory encoding?
• Which of the following is an example of explicit memory?
• In recognition memory, remember/know judgments map onto which underlying processes?
• Which statement about automatic processing is true?
• Anterograde amnesia refers to memory loss after brain damage; retrograde amnesia refers to memory loss before brain damage.
• Experts believe the real magic number for working memory, when mental rehearsal is prevented, is approximately which value?
• What is prospective memory? Provide example of failure and success.
• Which brain region is involved in retrieval mechanisms?
• Which memory test is typically more difficult because it requires generating items with few cues?
• Monitoring of performance is associated with which brain regions?
• Context-dependent retrieval refers to retrieval being better when which condition is met?
• Mood-congruent memory refers to retrieval that is most accurate when:
• Pattern completion is most closely associated with which brain region?
• How do schemas influence encoding and retrieval, and what distortions can they produce?
• What is the role of the episodic buffer in the working memory model?
• Which of the following correctly lists the three layers of Executive Attention?
• Which statement about encoding and retrieval is true?
• Which task is commonly used to assess switching of executive attention (set-shifting)?
• Which effect is most closely associated with long-term encoding and is observed for items at the beginning of a list?
• Which statements describe common pitfalls of using analogy?
• In Baddeley's model of working memory, which component is described as the 'command center' that allocates attention and directs the flow of information?
• According to Baddeley and Hitch, which components are part of the working memory system?
• In language comprehension, core processes include
• Deficits in self-monitoring, attention-switching, and sequencing behaviors to achieve a goal are most consistent with damage to which brain region?
• What are Flashbulb Memories?
• What term best describes the process of assessing one's own performance?
• What role do the frontal-parietal networks play in attention and working memory?
• Implicit memory operates without conscious awareness and includes which of the following?
• Brown and Peterson demonstrated the short duration of working memory through a task involving a three-letter string and backward counting.
• Which brain region is associated with manipulating information in working memory?
• Which examples illustrate implicit memory?
• Which encoding strategy promotes deeper processing and better long-term retention?
• Monitoring one's performance is linked to activity in which hemisphere's prefrontal region?
• Which brain area is implicated for the executive functions of working memory?
• Which method localizes brain function by measuring changes in blood flow?
• Which statement best describes how learning is explained in ACT-R vs connectionist approaches?
• Which model explicitly expands the short-term component into a multi-part working memory with a central executive?
• Which effect demonstrates that serial recall is harder for similar-sounding items than dissimilar-sounding items?
• Go/No-Go task is used to study what cognitive function?
• Priming is central to the Non Declarative system and may be demonstrated when you use an expression more after hearing a friend say it.
• What term describes a sequence of expected behaviors for a given situation, such as how to refill a car?
• Which statement describes the conjunction fallacy?
• Which prefrontal region is linked to maintaining information in working memory?
• Which statement best pairs a cognitive neuroscience method with what it measures?
• Which heuristic can lead to base-rate neglect in judgments about probabilities?
• Go/No-Go tasks primarily study which cognitive function?
• Chunking enhances working memory by:
• Which statement accurately contrasts the Atkinson–Shiffrin model with Baddeley’s working memory model?
• What happens during the encoding stage of memory processing?
• In Baddeley and Hitch’s model, which component functions as the central coordinating system?
• What is the ventral stream associated with?
• Which term describes decreased responsiveness due to repeated exposure?
• In the executive attention model, which layer is described as the layer where conflict may occur?
• Which brain region is located at the front of the brain?
• Which statement correctly describes explicit memory?
• In associative learning, which brain structure is linked to emotional responses (as in the example emotion -> amygdala)?
• What cognitive process involves coding the order of events and establishing temporal relations like A then D then G?
• Which type of priming relies on semantic relationships rather than sensory features?
• In the Stroop task, which configuration constitutes an incongruent trial?
• What is a hallmark of recollection in recognition memory?
• Which task assesses response inhibition by requiring a response to most stimuli and withholding to certain stimuli?
• What are the two kinds of Declarative- (Explicit) Memory?
• In associative learning, which brain structure is linked to skeletal (motor) responses (as in the example skeleta -> cerebellum)?
• Which cue type commonly supports prospective memory in daily life?
• Which brain region is associated with inhibition of response?
• What is the weapon focus effect in eyewitness memory?
• Which model posits that the prefrontal cortex is involved in storage and control of information during goal maintenance?
• What is the Generation effect?
• Blocking is defined as an obstruction preventing retrieval of target information when other information is more strongly associated with the retrieval cue.
• Brain Structure: left inferior frontal & lateral temporal lobes are linked to Priming.
• Spacing and testing effects influence long-term retention by:
• What is Episodic Buffer?
• What term describes reduced response after repeated exposure?
• Which is the Phonological Similarity Effect?
• Monitoring is best described as which of the following?
• What is consolidation in memory processing?
• What is the term for grouping items into larger units to improve memory?
• The visuospatial sketchpad is connected to which processing streams for the notions of 'where' and 'what'?
• What is Autonomic Conditioning?
• Readers recover from garden-path sentences by:
• Dual-coding theory and memory for pictures and words.
• Which statement best describes HM's memory impairment after bilateral removal of the medial temporal lobes?
• Where is articulatory rehearsal most closely associated in the brain?
• What function is attributed to the Hidden Layer in the model?
• Recognition tests primarily rely on what?
• How do priming effects influence reaction time in perceptual vs conceptual priming?
• What principle states that shorter words are easier to remember than longer ones when encoding speech?
• Procedural memory is best described as memory for:
• What does the lexical decision task probe?
• What does the phonological loop primarily handle?
• Which statement best characterizes semantic memory?
• Pattern completion during memory retrieval is most closely associated with which brain region?
• Working memory capacity is defined as the amount of information one can hold and manipulate; higher capacity relates to:
• Suggestibility in memory refers to false information introduced after an event or elicited via leading misinformation.
• Ebbinghaus developed a graphical function depicting the nature of forgetting.
• What is retroactive interference?
• Declarative memory refers to memory for:
• What does the supplementary store provide in working memory?
• Which example illustrates spatial rehearsal within the visuospatial sketchpad framework?
• Which function is associated with the anterior cingulate in executive control?
• What is a Secondary Reinforcer?
• According to Prospect Theory, which statement describes predictions about risk and framing?
• Who introduced the concept of the magic number in working memory?
• Which best describes the role of the frontal lobe in encoding?
• Which term describes an increased behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus?